Grammar
TENSES AND ESPECTS PDF. In Email

TENSES AND ASPECTS

 

1. Simple Present:

1/ Habitual actions in the present:

He walks to school everyday.

 

2/ General timeless truths, e.g., physical laws or customs:

Water freezes at 00C. The earth is round.

 

3/ With BE and other stative verbs in the present tense:

- Sensory perception (see, hear, taste,…): I see a large house on the corner.

- Mental perception and emotions (know, doubt, love, hate,…): I know Jack is a teacher. She loves him.

- Relationships (have, own, owe, belong to,…): That car belongs to me.

 

4/ In the subordinate clause with verbs in future time:

After he finishes work, he’ll do the errands.


 

5/ In the subordinate clause of future conditional sentences:

If she passes the exam, she’ll call me.

 

6/ Expresses future (when a schedule event is involved); usually with future time adverbial:

I have a meeting next Monday at that time.

 

7/ Present event/action or speech act:

Here comes the pitch; Jackson swings and misses; I resign from the commission.

 

8/ Conversational historical present (used to prefer past event in narration):

“So he stands up in the boat and waves his arms to catch our attention.”
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SENTENCES PDF. In Email

I. Definition: The sentence is the largest grammatical unit which expresses a complete thought or ideas has a definite grammatical form (one finite verb, one subject) and a certain intonation .

It could be said in another way that the sentence is a unit of speech which expresses a more or less complete thought and has a definite grammatical form and a certain intonation.

Every sentence shows the relation of the statement to reality from the point of view of the speaker (or writer).

Eg: This lesson is very interesting. Do you understand it?

One-word or abbreviated utterances can also be complete units of meaning, particularly in speech or written dialogue.

Eg: What! All right! Want any help?

Noise. People. Light. The city was awake.

The basic word order:

S (group) + V (group) + O (group) + Complement (group) + Adverbial (group)

Eg: The taxi driver shouted at me angrily in a loud voice.

They made him the chairman of the meeting every year.
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DIRECT versus INDIRECT SPEECH PDF. In Email

DIRECT versus INDIRECT SPEECH:

 

When we want to quote somebody’s words or thoughts, we can do it in two ways:

 

1. DIRECT SPEECH:

Eg:

So he comes into the pub and says “I’ll have a pint”.

And then I thought “Well, does he really mean it?”

“Your information,” I replied, “is out of date.”

“I suppose so,” grunted Jack.

 

2. INDIRECT SPEECH (Reported Speech):

Eg:

So he comes into the pub and says (that) he’ll have a pint.

And then I wondered whether he really meant it.

 
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MARKS OF PUNCTUATION PDF. In Email

MARKS OF PUNCTUATION

 

I. Definition: The punctuation marks separate, group, and qualify words and elements in sentences. They help us to suggest the pauses, intonations, and gestures that would be used in speech.

 

II. Classification:

2 main kinds: Separate Punctuation Marks and End Punctuation Marks.

1) The Comma ( , ):

--> Is used within sentences to reflect structure and to clarify meaning.

Eg: This novel, a best seller, has no real literary merit.

 

--> Is used to separate independent clauses joined by coordinative conjunction.

Eg: The sky was clear and the weather was fine at Philadelphia, and the pilot requested permission to land there.

 

But when the clauses are short, the comma can be omitted.

Eg: The sky was clear and the pilot landed.

 

--> Is used between words, phrases, or clauses in a series.

Eg: The closet contains worn clothes, old shoes, and dirty hats.
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PREPOSITIONS PDF. In Email

I. Definition: preposition is a form word which is used with noun (or pronoun, noun phrase) to show it relation to other words in the sentence.

 

Functions:

1/ Preposition may show the relation:

+ of a noun to a noun (or pronoun); the noun preceded by the preposition is an attribute to another noun:

He is a man of honor.

The key to the golden box is locked.

+ of a noun to a noun (or pronoun) to an adjective; the noun preceded by the preposition is either an object or an adverbial modifier:

Our country is rich in minerals.

He is free from care.

This knife is good for nothing.

He was red with anger.

She is tired from lack of sleep.

+ of a noun (or pronoun) to a verb; the noun preceded by the preposition is either an object or an adverbial modifier:

She thought of her child very much.

I rely on you completely.

She did it with greatest ease.

He climbed up the big tree in the garden.
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